Coupled Effects of Temperature and Liquid Water Content on Impact Ice Adhesion under the Effect of Surface Roughness

LIU Zengpei; WANG Baiyi; LI Yalan; ZHOU Zhihong

doi:10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2026.05.004

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Equipment Environmental Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (5) : 25-35. DOI: 10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2026.05.004

Aviation and Aerospace Equipment

Coupled Effects of Temperature and Liquid Water Content on Impact Ice Adhesion under the Effect of Surface Roughness

LIU Zengpei^1,2, WANG Baiyi¹, LI Yalan¹, ZHOU Zhihong^1,2,*

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Abstract

The work aims to investigate the coupled effect mechanisms of temperature, water content, and surface roughness on the adhesion strength of impact ice. Impact ice specimens were prepared under various conditions in an icing wind tunnel, and their shear adhesion strength was systematically measured with a direct push-off method in a low-temperature cold chamber. By observing the microstructure of bubbles and grains near the substrate region of the impact ice, the underlying mechanisms governing the variation in adhesion strength were analyzed. For substrates with lower surface roughness (smooth surface), adhesion strength firstly increased and then decreased with the decreasing temperature, with the peak temperature shifting toward lower temperatures as water content increased. This variation was primarily governed by the contact area regulated by the quantity of bubbles at the ice-substrate interface. For substrates with higher roughness (Ra=10 μm), adhesion strength was jointly controlled by the interfacial contact state and the intrinsic strength of the ice, with the dominant mechanism shifting as water content changed. Under medium and high water contents (0.6 and 1.2 g/m³), adhesion peaks occurred near -10 ℃ and -11.5 ℃, respectively, and were mainly governed by the strength of impact ice itself. Whereas under low water content (0.3 g/m³), the peak appeared near -4 ℃. Further analysis revealed that substrate roughness significantly affected adhesion strength and failure modes through mechanical interlocking effects, demonstrating a transition in adhesion mechanisms from “interface contact-dominated” on smooth surfaces to “ice strength-dominated” on rough surfaces. Temperature and water content affect the adhesion strength by altering the contact area and the intrinsic strength of the ice, while surface roughness significantly affects the adhesion strength by changing the adhesion failure mode.

Key words

impact ice adhesion strength / temperature / water content / surface roughness / bubble / grain

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LIU Zengpei, WANG Baiyi, LI Yalan, ZHOU Zhihong. Coupled Effects of Temperature and Liquid Water Content on Impact Ice Adhesion under the Effect of Surface Roughness[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering. 2026, 23(5): 25-35 https://doi.org/10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2026.05.004

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